Power generating leg

ABSTRACT

A power generating leg, configurable to be coupled to a person&#39;s lower limb, comprising a thigh link, a shank link, a knee mechanism, a torque generator, and a power unit. The knee mechanism is connected to said thigh link and said shank link, and configured to allow flexion and extension movements of said thigh link and said shank link relative to each other. The torque generator is configured to generate torque between said shank link and said thigh link. The power unit is coupled to said torque generator, and configured to cause said torque generator to generate torque. When said power unit is in a power regeneration mode, said power unit causes said torque generator to generate a torque that opposes the angular velocity of said thigh link and said shank link relative to each other and said power unit converts a portion of the power associated with the product of said torque and said angular velocity of said shank link and thigh link relative to each other into electrical power to be stored in a storage device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 60/781,569, titled POWER GENERATING LEGS, filed on Mar. 9,2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present application relates generally to the field of powergenerating legs.

2. Related Art

A human walks in a cyclic motion. Opportunities exist, therefore, toprovide a device that converts walking mechanical power into electricalpower. In particular this application describes a power generating legthat is configured to be coupled to a person's lower limb and generatepower as the person walks. The power generating leg described here canbe an orthotic leg or a prosthetic leg. In some embodiments, the powergenerating leg is a leg of a robotic exoskeleton.

SUMMARY

In one exemplary embodiment, a power generating leg, configured to becoupled to a person's lower limb, comprising a thigh link, a shank link,a knee mechanism, a torque generator, and a power unit. The kneemechanism is connected to said thigh link and said shank link, andconfigured to allow flexion and extension movements of said thigh linkand said shank link relative to each other. The torque generator isconfigured to generate torque between said shank link and said thighlink. The power unit is coupled to said torque generator, and configuredto cause said torque generator to generate torque. When said power unitis in a power regeneration mode, said power unit causes said torquegenerator to generate a torque that opposes the angular velocity of saidthigh link and said shank link relative to each other, and said powerunit converts a portion of the power associated with the product of saidtorque and said angular velocity of said shank link and thigh linkrelative to each other into electrical power to be stored in a storagedevice.

DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood when the following detaileddescription is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in whichlike characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg.

FIG. 2 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg coupled to a person's lower limb.

FIG. 3 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg coupled to a person's lower limb.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a powergenerating leg.

FIG. 5 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg coupled to a person's lower limb that acts as a prosthetic leg.

FIG. 6 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg coupled to a person's lower limb.

FIG. 7 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg coupled to a person's lower limb.

FIG. 8 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a power generatingleg coupled to a person's lower limb.

FIG. 9 is a side view of a portion of an exemplary embodiment of a powergenerating leg.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a power unit.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a power unit.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a power unit.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a power unit.

FIG. 14 is a graph depicting the knee power and the knee angle where ahuman is descending steps.

FIG. 15 is a graph depicting the knee torque and the knee angle where ahuman is walking on a level ground.

FIG. 16 shows the knee power and the knee angle where a human isascending steps.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a power unit.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a power unit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with an embodiment, FIG. 1 is a drawing illustrating apower generating leg 100. Power generating leg 100 is configured to becoupled to a person's lower limb. Power generating leg 100 comprises athigh link 103 and a shank link 105. A knee mechanism 107 is connectedto thigh link 103 and shank link 105. Knee mechanism 107 is configuredto allow flexion movements (in the direction of arrows 240) andextension movements (in the direction of arrows 241) between thigh link103 and shank link 105. A torque generator 213 is configured to impose atorque that affects the movements of thigh link 103 and shank link 105relative to each other. A power unit 215 is coupled to torque generator213, and is configured to cause torque generator 213 to generate torque.

When power unit 215 operates in a power regeneration mode, power unit215 is configured to cause torque generator 213 to generate a torquethat opposes the angular velocity of thigh link 103 and shank link 105relative to each other. In this power regeneration mode, power unit 215further converts a portion of the power associated with the product ofthe generated torque and the angular velocity of shank link 105 andthigh link 103 relative to each other into electrical power to be storedin a storage device. In some embodiments, the storage device is locatedwithin power unit 215. In some embodiments, the storage device isexternal. In some embodiments, the converted electrical power is storedin a set of batteries. In some embodiments, the converted electricalpower is stored in a set of capacitors.

In some embodiments, power unit 215 further operates in a powerutilization mode. During this mode, power unit 215, using stored power,is configured to cause torque generator 213 to generate a torque. Insome embodiments, a portion of the power used in the power utilizationmode is the electrical power generated in the power regeneration mode.

In some embodiments, power unit 215 further operates in a powerdissipation mode. During this mode, power unit 215 is configured tocause torque generator 213 to generate a torque that opposes the angularvelocity of thigh link 103 and shank link 105 relative to each other.Power unit 215 also dissipates the power associated with the product ofthe torque and the angular velocity of thigh link 103 and shank link 105relative to each other.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, knee mechanism 107 comprises atleast one rotary joint. The rotary joint is configured to allow forrotary flexion and extension movements of thigh link 103 and shank link105 relative to each other.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, thigh link 103 is in contactwith a person's thigh 242 so it can be moved by the person's thigh. Insome embodiments, thigh link 103 is connectable to a person's thigh.FIG. 3 shows an embodiment where power generating leg 100 comprises athigh strap 243 connectable to a person's thigh 242 and causes thighlink 103 to move when the person's thigh moves. Torque generator 213 isnot shown in FIG. 3 for clarity.

In some embodiments, thigh strap 243, among other components, comprisescompliant materials wrapped around the person's thigh. Compliantmaterials comprise an element or combination of elements selected from agroup consisting of fabric, textile, elastomer, rubber and velcromaterials. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, thigh strap 243comprises a bracket formed to partially embrace the person thigh.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5, power generating leg 100 actsas a prosthetic leg for above-knee amputees. In this case, thigh link103 comprises a socket 254 attachable to an amputee's remaining thigh.Therefore, power generating leg 100 functions as an above kneeprosthetic device. In some embodiments, power generating leg 100includes an artificial foot 256.

According to an embodiment shown in FIG. 6, shank link 105 is configuredto be in contact with a person's shank so it can be moved by theperson's shank. In some embodiments, shank link 103 is configured to beconnected to a person's shank. FIG. 7 shows an embodiment where powergenerating leg 100 comprises a shank strap 244 configured to beconnected to a person's shank 245 and causes shank link 105 to move whenthe person's shank moves. Torque generator 213 is partially shown inFIG. 7 for clarity.

In some embodiments, shank strap 244, among other components, comprisescompliant materials wrapped around the person's shank 245. Compliantmaterials comprise an element or combination of elements selected from agroup consisting of fabric, textile, elastomer, rubber and velcromaterials. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8, shank strap 244comprises a bracket formed to partially embrace the person's shank 245.

In summary, power generating leg 100 can be an orthotic leg or aprosthetic leg. In some embodiments, power generating leg 100 is a legof an exoskeleton as shown in FIG. 4.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, torque generator 213 comprisesa hydraulic torque generator where a pressurized hydraulic fluid, bypushing against moving surfaces, generates torque. Examples of hydraulictorque generators 213 include, without limitation, linear hydraulicpiston-cylinders and rotary hydraulic actuators where pressurizedhydraulic fluid, by pushing against moving surfaces, generate force ortorque. An illustration of a power generating leg 100 utilizing linearhydraulic piston-cylinder torque generator 213 is shown in FIG. 1, wherepiston 249 slides relative to cylinder 250. An illustration of a powergenerating device 100 utilizing a rotary hydraulic actuator is shown inFIG. 9. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 9, torque generator 213 isintegrated into the construction of knee mechanism 107.

FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of power unit 215. Power unit 215 comprisesa hydraulic motor 217 where its two hydraulic ports are connected totorque generator 213 and a fluid reservoir 195. Hydraulic reservoir 195may be a separate reservoir as shown, or it may be the other cavity ofthe torque generating device 213. Hydraulic motor 217 is a device thatconverts hydraulic fluid flow into mechanical rotation of a rotatingshaft 251.

An electric generator 218, capable of producing electric voltage on itsterminals 248, is rotatably coupled to rotating shaft 251 of hydraulicmotor 217. When power unit 215 is in power regeneration mode, electricgenerator 218 generates electric voltage on its terminals 248 when thehydraulic fluid flow between torque generator 213 and fluid reservoir195 causes the rotor of hydraulic motor 217 to turn. The generatedvoltage on terminals 248 is a function of the angular velocity of thighlink 103 and shank link 105 relative to each other. When an electriccurrent is allowed to pass through terminals 248 such that the productof current and the generated voltage indicates that electric power isgenerated, hydraulic motor 217 resists the fluid flow that is induced bythe motion of thigh link 103 and shank link 105 relative to each other.This resistance to fluid flow causes torque generator 213 to impose atorque, which resists the motion of thigh link 103 and shank link 105relative to each other. This torque is a function of the electriccurrent that is flowing through terminals 248 of electric generator 218.By controlling the electric current that is flowing through terminals248, one can control the torque generated by hydraulic torque generator213.

When power unit 215 is in power regeneration mode, power unit 215converts only a portion of the mechanical power associated with theproduct of the generated torque and the relative speed of thigh link 103and shank link 105 into electric power. The rest of this power isconverted into heat in such things as the motor winding and hydraulicfluid. In some embodiments, power unit 215 further comprises a batterycharging unit 246 that charges at least one battery 239. In someembodiments, battery 239 is located outside power unit 215.

When power unit 215 is operating in power utilization mode, hydraulicmotor 217 acts like a hydraulic pump and electric generator 218 actslike an electric motor. In operation, when power unit 215 is in powerutilization mode, hydraulic motor 217 causes torque generator 213 togenerate torque when an electric current passes through terminals 248 ofelectric generator 218. The generated torque in torque generator 213 isa function of the electric current passing through terminals 248. Bycontrolling the electric current that is passing through terminals 248,one can control the torque generated by hydraulic torque generator 213.When hydraulic fluid flows between fluid reservoir 195 and torquegenerator 213, a portion of stored electrical power is converted intothe mechanical power associated with the product of the generated torqueand the relative speed of thigh link 103 and shank link 105 intoelectric power.

Examples of electric generator 218 include, without limitation, AC(alternating current) generators, brush-type DC (direct current)generators, brushless DC generators, electronically commutated motors(ECMs), and combinations thereof. Examples of hydraulic motor 217include, without limitation, hydraulic gear motors, axial piston pumps,rotary piston pumps, vane type hydraulic motors and combinationsthereof.

FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of power unit 215. This embodiment issimilar to embodiment shown in FIG. 10 but a motor isolating valve 216is located in series with hydraulic motor 217. The operation of thisembodiment, when motor isolating valve 216 is in an open position, issimilar to the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 10. When the motorisolating valve is in a closed position, no hydraulic flow is permittedand therefore thigh link 103 and shank link 105 cannot move relative toeach other. This characteristic can be used during stance. Motorisolating valve 216 comprises any valve or combination of valves capableof performing the indicated functions. Examples of motor isolating valve216 include, without limitation, flow control valve, pressure controlvalve, actuated needle valves, solenoid valves and on-off valve.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 12, power unit 215 furthercomprises an actuated flow restricting valve 200 with adjustable orificecoupled to torque generator 213 and fluid reservoir 195 creating asecond hydraulic path between torque generator 213 and fluid reservoir195. When motor isolating valve 216 is in a closed position, actuatedflow restricting valve 200 can be adjusted to allow proper resistancefor the fluid flow between torque generator 213 and fluid reservoir 195.The amount of this resistance to fluid flow causes torque generator 213to impose a resistive torque which resists the motion of thigh link 103and shank link 105 relative to each other. This characteristic is usedin power dissipation mode and can be used to damp the knee motion.Actuated flow restricting valve 200 comprises any valve or combinationof valves capable of performing the indicated functions. Examples ofactuated flow restricting valve 200 include, without limitation, flowcontrol valve, pressure control valve, actuated needle valves, solenoidvalves and on-off valve.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 13, power unit 215 furthercomprises a check valve (one-way valve) 199 coupled to torque generator213 and fluid reservoir 195 creating another hydraulic path betweentorque generator 213 and fluid reservoir 195. Check valve 199 allows forminimum resistance hydraulic flow from fluid reservoir 195 to torquegenerator 213 during extension movement of thigh link 103 and shank link105 relative to each other at all times.

In operation, there are opportunities where power unit 215 moves intopower regeneration mode and therefore power unit 215 converts a portionof the power associated with the product of the generated torque and theangular velocity of shank link 105 and thigh link 103 relative to eachother into electrical power. FIG. 14 shows the knee angle and the kneepower when a human is descending steps. Negative values for poweridentify the regions that have potential for power regeneration. A powerregeneration region is identified where power regenerating leg 100 is ina stance phase and flexing. Stance phase is defined as a configurationwhere power regenerating leg 100 or the human leg it is connected to ison the ground. In some embodiments, power unit 215 is configured tooperate in a power regeneration mode when power generating leg 100 is ina stance phase and is descending slopes and stairs. In some embodiments,power unit 215 is configured to operate in a power regeneration modewhen said power generating leg 100 is in a stance phase and is flexing.In some embodiments, power unit 215 is configured to operate in a powerregeneration mode when said power generating leg 100 is in a stancephase.

FIG. 15 shows the knee angle and the knee power when a human is walkingon level grounds. Negative values for power identify the regions thathave potential for power regeneration. In some embodiments, power unit215 is configured to operate in power regeneration mode when powergenerating leg 100 is in a stance phase and is walking on level grounds.In some embodiments, power generating leg 100 is configured to operatein a power regeneration mode when power generating leg 100 is in a swingphase.

In operation, there are opportunities where power unit 215 moves intopower utilization mode. FIG. 16 shows the knee torque and the knee anglewhen a human is ascending steps. Positive values for power identify theregions that have potential for power utilization. In some embodiments,power unit 215 is configured to operate in power utilization mode whenpower generating leg 100 is in a stance phase and is ascending slopesand stairs. In some embodiments, power unit 215 is configured to operatein power utilization mode when power generating leg 100 is in a stancephase and is extending.

In some embodiments, power unit 215, as shown in FIG. 17, comprises twoelectric generators and hydraulic motors. Power unit 215 is coupled tohydraulic torque generator 213, and among other components, comprises afirst hydraulic path between torque generator 213 and fluid reservoir195 comprising a first hydraulic motor 217. Power unit 215 furthercomprises a second hydraulic path between torque generator 213 and fluidreservoir 195 comprising a second hydraulic motor 252. A first electricgenerator 218 is rotatably coupled to first hydraulic motor 217. Asecond electric generator 253 is rotatably coupled to second hydraulicmotor 252. In operation, when power unit 215 is in a power regenerationmode, at least one of electric generators 218 and 253 generates anelectric voltage when the hydraulic fluid flows from torque generator213 to said reservoir 195. Motor isolating valves 216 and 255 areconfigured to select either hydraulic motor 217 or 252 for operation.These two isolating valves 216 and 255 can be replaced by a three wayselector valve selecting between hydraulic motor 217 or 252. Power unit215 further comprises a battery charging unit 246 that charges at leastone battery 239.

In some embodiments, first electric generator 218 is used in a powerregeneration mode when power generating leg 100 is in a stance phase anddescending a stair or a slope. In this case, motor isolating valve 255is closed and stops the fluid flow to second hydraulic motor 252 whilemotor isolating valve 216 is open and allows for the fluid flow to firsthydraulic motor 217. In such embodiments, first electric generator 218is used as an electric motor in a power utilization mode when powergenerating leg 100 is in a stance and ascending a stair or a slope.

In some embodiments, second electric generator 253 is used in a powerregeneration mode when power generating leg 100 is in a stance phase andwalking on level ground. In this case, motor isolating valve 216 isclosed and stops the fluid flow to first hydraulic motor 217, whilemotor isolating valve 255 is open and allows for the fluid flow tosecond hydraulic motor 252. In such embodiments, second electricgenerator 253 may be used as an electric motor in a power utilizationmode when power generating leg 100 is in a swing phase.

In some embodiments, power unit 215 further comprises a third hydraulicpath including a flow restricting valve 200. In operation, flowrestricting valve 200 is used to create controllable resistance to fluidflow. This characteristic is used in power dissipation mode and can beused to damp the knee motion.

In some embodiments, power unit 215 further comprises a forth hydraulicpath including a one way valve 199. In operation, one way valve 199allows for minimum resistance flow from said reservoir 195 to torquegenerator 213 at all times.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, if torque generator 213 is arotary hydraulic actuator or a double acting, double rodded hydrauliccylinder, then hydraulic reservoir 195 may be the other cavity of torquegenerator 213.

In some embodiments, power generating leg 100, among other sensors,comprises at least one stance sensor. Stance sensor produces a stancesignal 157. Stance signal 157 identifies if power generating leg 100 isin a stance phase or in a swing phase. In some embodiments, stancesignal 157 represents the magnitude of the ground reaction force topower generating leg 100. During swing phase, stance signal 157 willdetect a small or zero magnitude for ground reaction force. Stancesensor comprises an element or combination of elements selected from agroup consisting of force sensor, pressure sensor, and switches capableof performing the indicated functions.

In some embodiments, power generating leg 100, among other sensor,comprises at least one knee angle sensor. Knee angle sensor produces aknee angle signal 158. Knee angle signal 158 identifies the anglebetween shank link 105 and thigh link 103. Knee angle sensor comprisesan element or combination of elements selected from a group consistingof encoder; revolver, potentiometer; LVDT, and inclinometer capable ofperforming the indicated functions.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, power unit 215 furthercomprises a signal processor 159 is configured to generate commandsignals for various components of power unit 215 to control power unit215. In some embodiments, signal processor 159 receives stance signal157. In some embodiments, signal processor 159 receives knee anglesignal 158. Signal processor 159 comprises an element or combination ofelements selected from a group consisting of analog devices; analogcomputation modules; digital devices including, without limitation,small-, medium-, and large-scale integrated circuits, applicationspecific integrated circuits, programmable gate arrays, and programmablelogic arrays; and digital computation modules including, withoutlimitation, microcomputers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, andprogrammable logic controllers. In some embodiments, signal processor159 comprises an element or combination of elements selected from agroup consisting of electromechanical relays or MOSFET switches. Signalprocessor 159 may be located inside or outside of power unit 215.

There are many control algorithms by which signal processor 159 couldcontrol power unit 215. In some embodiments, when power generating leg100 is descending a slope or stairs and is in a stance phase, signalprocessor 159 generates command signals so power unit 215 goes intopower regeneration mode. A knee angle near 180° at the beginning ofstance and a smaller angle at the end of stance may represent thesituation where power generating leg 100 is descending a slope orstairs. See, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/976,652, titled LOWEREXTREMITY ENHANCER, filed on Oct. 29, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/335,392, titled LOWER EXTREMITY EXOSKELETON, filed on Jan. 18,2006; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/404,719, titledSEMI-POWERED LOWER EXTREMITY EXOSKELETON, filed on Apr. 13, 2006; all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for allpurposes.

In some embodiments, when power generating leg 100 is ascending a slopeor stairs and is in a stance phase, signal processor 159 generatescommand signals so power unit 215 operates in the power utilizationmode. This mode aids the wearer in climbing slopes and stairs. A smallknee angle at the beginning of stance phase may represent the situationwhere power generating leg 100 is ascending a slope or stairs.

In some embodiments, when power generating leg 100 is walking on levelground and is in stance phase, signal processor generates commandsignals so power unit 215 operates in the power dissipation mode orpower regeneration mode depending on operator preference. A large kneeangle close to 180° degrees at the beginning of stance phase which doesnot change for a long period of stance may represent the situation wherepower generating leg 100 is walking on level ground.

In some embodiments, when power generating leg 100 is in a swing phase,signal processor 159 generates command signals so power unit 215 goesinto power dissipation mode or power utilization mode to assist theswinging depending on operator preference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail forpurposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced within the scope of theappended claims. Therefore, the described embodiments should be taken asillustrative and not restrictive, and the invention should not belimited to the details given herein but should be defined by thefollowing claims and their full scope of equivalents.

1. A power generating leg, configured to be coupled to a person's lowerlimb, comprising: a thigh link; a shank link; a knee mechanism connectedto said thigh link and said shank link, and configured to allow flexionand extension movements of said thigh link and said shank link relativeto each other; a torque generator configured to generate torque betweensaid shank link and said thigh link; and a power unit coupled to saidtorque generator, and configured to cause said torque generator togenerate torque, wherein when said power unit is in a power regenerationmode, said power unit causes said torque generator to generate a torquethat opposes the angular velocity of said thigh link and said shank linkrelative to each other and said power unit converts a portion of thepower associated with the product of said torque and said angularvelocity of said shank link and thigh link relative to each other intoelectrical power to be stored in a storage device.
 2. The powergenerating leg of claim 1 wherein said storage device is one or morebatteries.
 3. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein said storagedevice is one or more capacitors.
 4. The power generating leg of claim 1wherein when said power unit is in a power utilization mode, said powerunit, using stored electrical power, causes said torque generator togenerate a torque.
 5. The power generating leg of claim 4 wherein saidstored electrical power is said converted electrical power.
 6. The powergenerating leg of claim 1 wherein when said power unit is in a powerdissipation mode, said power unit causes said torque generator togenerate a torque that opposes the angular velocity of said thigh linkand said shank link relative to each other and said power unitdissipates the power associated with the product of said torque and saidangular velocity of said shank link and thigh link relative to eachother.
 7. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein said kneemechanism comprises at least one rotary joint and allows for rotaryflexion and extension movements of said thigh link and said shank linkrelative to each other.
 8. The power generating leg of claim 1 whereinsaid thigh link is configurable to be in contact with a person's thighso it can be moved by said person's thigh.
 9. The power generating legof claim 1 wherein said thigh link is configurable to be connected to aperson's thigh.
 10. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein saidpower generating leg comprises a thigh strap configurable to beconnected to a person's thigh and causes said thigh link to move whensaid person's thigh moves.
 11. The power generating leg of claim 10wherein said thigh strap comprises compliant materials wrapped aroundsaid person's thigh.
 12. The power generating leg of claim 10 whereinsaid thigh strap comprises a bracket formed to partially embrace saidperson's thigh.
 13. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein saidshank link is configurable to be in contact with said person's shank soit can be moved by said person's shank.
 14. The power generating leg ofclaim 1 wherein said shank link is configurable to be connected to aperson's shank.
 15. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein saidpower generating leg comprises a shank strap configurable to beconnected to a person's shank and causes said shank link to move whensaid person's shank moves.
 16. The power generating leg of claim 15wherein said shank strap comprises compliant materials wrapped aroundsaid person's shank.
 17. The power generating leg of claim 15 whereinsaid shank strap comprises a bracket formed to partially embrace saidperson's shank.
 18. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein saidthigh link comprises a socket configurable to be attached to anamputee's remaining thigh and therefore said power generating legfunctions as an above knee prosthetic device.
 19. The power generatingleg of claim 18 wherein said shank link further comprises an artificialfoot.
 20. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein said torquegenerator comprises a hydraulic torque generator, wherein the pressureof a hydraulic fluid against moving surfaces generates torque betweensaid shank link and said thigh link.
 21. The power generating leg ofclaim 20 wherein said hydraulic torque generator is a hydraulic pistonand cylinder, wherein said piston slides relative to said cylinder. 22.The power generating leg of claim 20 wherein said hydraulic torquegenerator is a rotary hydraulic actuator.
 23. The power generating legof claim 20 wherein said power unit comprises: a hydraulic motor havingtwo hydraulic ports, one hydraulic port connectable to a fluidreservoir, and another hydraulic port connectable to a hydraulic torquegenerator; and an electric generator rotatably coupled to said hydraulicmotor, the electric generator having terminals, wherein when said powerunit is in said power regeneration mode, said hydraulic motor resiststhe hydraulic flow induced by the motion of said hydraulic torquegenerator and an electric current passes through the terminals of saidelectric generator indicating electric power is generated by saidelectric generator.
 24. The power generating leg of claim 23 whereinwhen said power unit is in said power regeneration mode, said hydraulictorque generator generates a torque that opposes the velocity of saidtorque generator and an electric current passes through the terminals ofsaid electric generator indicating electric power is generated by saidelectric generator.
 25. The power generating leg of claim 23 whereinwhen said power unit is in a power utilization mode, an electric currentpasses through the terminals of said electric generator (now electricmotor) indicating a stored electric power is utilized and said torquegenerator generates a torque.
 26. The power generating leg of claim 23wherein said electric generator comprises an element or combination ofelements selected from a group consisting of AC (alternating current)generators, brush-type DC (direct current) generators, brushless DCgenerators, electronically commutated motors (ECMs), and combinationsthereof.
 27. The power generating leg of claim 23 wherein said fluidreservoir comprises a cavity on the opposite side of a piston or vane ofsaid hydraulic torque generator.
 28. The power generating leg of claim23 further comprising a motor isolating valve, connected in series withsaid hydraulic motor, wherein when said motor isolating valve is in anopen position and when said power unit is in said power regenerationmode, said hydraulic motor resists the hydraulic flow induced by themotion of said hydraulic torque generator and an electric current passesthrough the terminals of said electric generator indicating electricpower is generated by said electric generator.
 29. The power generatingleg of claim 28 wherein when said motor isolating valve is in an openposition and said power unit is in said power regeneration mode, saidtorque generator generates a torque that opposes the velocity of saidtorque generator and an electric current passes through the terminals ofsaid electric generator indicating electric power is generated by saidelectric generator.
 30. The power generating leg of claim 28 whereinwhen said motor isolating valve is in an open position and said powerunit is in a power utilization mode, an electric current passes throughthe terminals of said electric generator (now motor) indicating storedelectric power is utilized and said torque generator generates a torque.31. The power generating leg of claim 23 where said power unit furthercomprises an actuated flow restricting valve coupled to said torquegenerator and said fluid reservoir creating a hydraulic path betweensaid torque generator and said fluid reservoir, wherein said actuatedflow restricting valve can be adjusted to control resistance for motionof said torque generator.
 32. The power generating leg of claim 23 wheresaid power unit further comprises a one-way valve coupled to said torquegenerator and said fluid reservoir creating a hydraulic path betweensaid torque generator and said fluid reservoir allowing for minimumresistance hydraulic flow from said fluid reservoir to said torquegenerator.
 33. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein when saidpower unit is configured to operate into a power regeneration mode whensaid power generating leg is in a stance phase.
 34. The power generatingleg of claim 1 wherein when said power unit is configured to operate ina power regeneration mode when said power generating leg is in a stancephase and is flexing.
 35. The power generating leg of claim 1 whereinwhen said power unit is configured to operate in a power regenerationmode when said power generating leg is in a stance phase and isdescending slopes and stairs.
 36. The power generating leg of claim 1wherein when said power unit is configured to operate in a powerregeneration mode when said power generating leg is in a stance phaseand is walking on level grounds.
 37. The power generating leg of claim 1wherein when said power unit is configured to operate in a powerregeneration mode when said power generating leg is in a swing phase.38. The power generating leg of claim 4 wherein when said power unit isconfigured to operate in a power utilization mode when said powergenerating leg is in a stance phase and is extending.
 39. The powergenerating leg of claim 4 wherein when said power unit is configured tooperate in a power utilization mode when said power generating leg is ina stance phase and is ascending slopes and stairs.
 40. The powergenerating leg of claim 20, wherein said power unit comprises: a firsthydraulic path between said torque generator and a reservoir, said firsthydraulic path comprising a first hydraulic motor connected in serieswith a motor isolating valve a second hydraulic path between said torquegenerator and said reservoir, said second hydraulic path comprising asecond hydraulic motor; a first electric generator rotatably coupled tosaid first hydraulic motor; a second electric generator rotatablycoupled to said second hydraulic motor; wherein when said power unit isin said power regeneration mode, at least one of said first or secondhydraulic motor resists the hydraulic flow induced by the motion of saidhydraulic torque generator and an electric current passes through theterminals of corresponding said first or second electric generatorindicating electric power is generated by said first or second electricgenerator.
 41. The power generating leg of claim 40 wherein said secondhydraulic path further comprises a motor isolating valve located inseries with said second hydraulic motor.
 42. The power generating leg ofclaim 40 wherein said power unit further comprises a third hydraulicpath between said torque generator and said reservoir, said thirdhydraulic path comprising a flow restricting valve, wherein said flowrestricting valve is configured to control resistance for motion of saidtorque generator.
 43. The power generating leg of claim 40 wherein saidpower unit further comprises a fourth hydraulic path between said torquegenerator and said reservoir, said fourth hydraulic path comprising aone way valve allowing for minimum resistance flow from said reservoirto said torque generator at all times.
 44. The power generating leg ofclaim 40 wherein said torque generator is coupled to another kneemechanism of another power generating leg.
 45. The power generating legof claim 40 wherein said reservoir comprises a cavity on the oppositeside of a piston or vane of said hydraulic torque generator.
 46. Thepower generating leg of claim 40 wherein said torque generator iscoupled to the knee mechanism of a robotic exoskeleton.
 47. The powergenerating leg of claim 46 wherein said torque generator is a hydrauliccylinder.
 48. The power generating leg of claim 46 wherein said firstelectric generator is used in a power regeneration mode when said powergenerating leg is in stance phase and descending a stair or slope. 49.The power generating leg of claim 46 wherein said second electricgenerator is used in a power regeneration mode when said powergenerating leg is walking on level ground.
 50. The power generating legof claim 46 wherein said first electric generator is used as an electricmotor in a power utilization mode when said power generating leg is instance and ascending a stair or slope.
 51. The power generating leg ofclaim 46 wherein: said first electric generator is used in a powerregeneration mode when said power generating leg is in stance anddescending a stair or slope and is used as an electric motor in a powerutilization mode when said power generating leg is in stance andascending a stair or slope; and said second electric generator is usedin a power regeneration mode when said power generating leg is walkingon level ground.
 52. The power generating leg of claim 1 wherein saidpower unit comprises a signal processor.
 53. The power generating leg ofclaim 52 wherein said power generating leg comprises at least one kneeangle sensor, wherein said knee angle sensor produces a knee anglesignal representing the angle between said shank link and said thighlink.
 54. The power generating leg of claim 53 wherein said signalprocessor generates command signals for components of said power unitfrom said knee angle signal.
 55. The power generating leg of claim 52wherein said power generating leg comprises at least a stance sensor,wherein said stance sensor produces a stance signal identifying if saidpower generating leg is in a stance phase or in a swing phase.
 56. Thepower generating leg of claim 55 wherein said signal processor generatescommand signals for components of said power unit from said stancesignal.
 57. The power generating leg of claim 52 wherein said signalprocessor comprises an element or combination of elements selected froma group consisting of analog devices; analog computation modules;digital devices including, without limitation, small-, medium-, andlarge-scale integrated circuits, application specific integratedcircuits, programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic arrays; anddigital computation modules including, without limitation,microcomputers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and programmablelogic controllers.
 58. The power generating leg of claim 52 wherein saidsignal processor comprises an element or combination of elementsselected from a group consisting of electromechanical relays or metaloxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET) switches.
 59. Apower generating prosthetic leg, comprising: a thigh link configured tobe coupled to an above-knee amputee's remaining limb; a shank link; aknee mechanism connected to said thigh link and said shank link, andconfigured to allow flexion and extension movements of said thigh linkand said shank link relative to each other; a torque generatorconfigured to generate torque between said shank link and said thighlink; and a power unit coupled to said torque generator, and configuredto cause said torque generator to generate torque, wherein when saidpower unit is in a power regeneration mode, said power unit causes saidtorque generator to generate a torque that opposes the angular velocityof said thigh link and said shank link relative to each other and saidpower unit converts a portion of the power associated with the productof said torque and said angular velocity of said shank link and thighlink relative to each other into electrical power to be stored in astorage device.
 60. A method of using an artificial leg comprising:coupling a power generating leg to a person's lower limb, said powergenerating leg comprising: a thigh link; a shank link; a knee mechanismconnected to said thigh link and said shank link, and configured toallow flexion and extension movements of said thigh link and said shanklink relative to each other; a torque generator configured to generatetorque between said shank link and said thigh link; and a power unitcoupled to said torque generator, and configured to cause said torquegenerator to generate torque, operating said power unit in a powerregeneration mode, wherein when said power unit is in said powerregeneration mode, said power unit causes said torque generator togenerate a torque that opposes the angular velocity of said thigh linkand said shank link relative to each other and said power unit convertsa portion of the power associated with the product of said torque andsaid angular velocity of said shank link and thigh link relative to eachother into electrical power to be stored in a storage device.